Monday, December 30, 2019

Minnesota DWI Lawyer F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Cruz (decided December 30, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that disclosure of a urine sample test result to the district court, obtained pursuant to a jail booking procedure, does not violate the Minnesota Data Privacy Act.  (Why it does not violate the Fourth Amendment or Article I, Section 10 of the Minnesota Constitution is beyond me but it does not appear the defense raised a constitutional objection).

In Cruz, the Defendant was arrested for driving after his license had been cancelled.  Mr. Cruz was taken to the Nobles County Jail where, as a part of the booking procedure, he was asked to submit to a urine test.  The test result revealed the presence of methamphetamine.  The jail informed the arresting deputy of the test result and the deputy then applied for a search warrant to obtain a sample of the Defendant's blood.

The district court issued the search warrant, and the blood sample confirmed the presence of methamphetamine in Defendant's system. The Defendant was subsequently charged with one count of gross misdemeanor driving after cancelation—IPS, and one count of misdemeanor driving while under the influence of a controlled substance.

The Defendant filed a Motion to Suppress the blood test result arguing arguing that the search warrant was invalid because it “was based solely on private medical data which was improperly disclosed by jail staff to an investigating police officer during the course of a criminal investigation.” The district court determined that data stemming from a “urine sample collected as part of the booking process is ‘corrections and detention data’” under the Minnesota Government Data Practices Act (MGDPA). The district court also determined that although this corrections and detention data is classified as private under the MGDPA, see Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 2, it “may be released to law enforcement if necessary for law enforcement purposes” under Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 5. The district court, therefore, denied appellant’s motion to suppress because the results of the urine test were “appropriately reported to law enforcement.”

On appeal, the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed the district court noting:

"The MGDPA “regulates the collection, creation, storage, maintenance, dissemination, and access to government data in government entities.” Minn. Stat. § 13.01, subds. 1, 3. A government entity is “a state agency, statewide system, or political subdivision.” Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subd. 7a. The MGDPA differentiates between “data on individuals” and “data not on individuals.” See Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subds. 4, 5. “After the initial classification as either data on individuals or not on individuals, the data is categorized as either public, private, or confidential.” Int 7 Bhd. Of Elec Workers, Local No. 292 v. City of St. Cloud, 765 N.W.2d 64, 66 (Minn. 2009). Public data on individuals is accessible to the public. Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subd. 15. Private data on individuals is data which is made not public by statute or federal law, but is accessible to the subject of the data. Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subd. 12. Confidential data on individuals is data made not public by statute or federal law, and is not accessible to the individual subject of that data. Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subd. 3. While private data and confidential data generally may not be disclosed to the public, private data may be disclosed as specficially authorized by law. Minn. Stat. § 13.05, subd. 4(b)."

"Under Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 2, certain “corrections and detention data on individuals are classified as private.” “Corrections and detention data” is data on individuals that is “created, collected, used or maintained because of their lawful confinement or detainment in state reformatories, prisons and correctional facilities, municipal or county jails, lockups, workhouses, work farms and all other correctional and detention facilities.” Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 1. Corrections and detention data may be released “to any law enforcement agency, if necessary for law enforcement purposes, or to the victim of a criminal act where the data are necessary for the victim to assert the victim’s legal right to restitution.” Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 5. And Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 4 provides that “[a]fter any presentation to a court, any data made private or confidential by this section shall be public to the extent reflected in court records.”

"Here, the parties agree that the test results from the urine sample collected at the county jail are private “corrections and detention data” within the meaning of the MGDPA. Appellant appears to concede that the jail was authorized to release the results of the urine test to the deputy for “law enforcement purposes” under section 13.85, subdivision 5. But appellant argues that because the district court “is part of the judiciary,” which is separate and distinct from law enforcement, the deputy lacked authority under the MGDPA to release appellant’s urine-test results to the court in the warrant application. ***

"Construing section 13.85 as a whole, and its words and sentences in light of their context, we conclude that the disclosure of appellant’s urine-test results to the district court in the search-warrant affidavit did not violate the MGDPA. Although appellant’s urine-test results are private corrections and detention data under Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 2, these results may be released “to any law enforcement agency, if necessary for law enforcement purposes.” Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 5. A search warrant serves a law enforcement purpose."

"Additionally, subdivision 4 of the statute provides that “[a]fter any presentation to a court, any data made private ... by this section shall be public to the extent reflected in court records.” Id., subd. 4. The fact that Minn. Stat. § 13.85, subd. 4 contemplates that private data under section 13.85 may be presented to a court indicates that private corrections and detention data may be disclosed by law enforcement to the district court “for law enforcement purposes” without violating the MGDPA. And the provision in subdivision 4 that the private corrections and detention data becomes public only “to the extent reflected in court records” demonstrates that the filing of private data with the courts is not the same as disclosing private data to the public and is permitted by the MGDPA."
***
"As the state points out, if the MGDPA precludes law enforcement from filing private corrections and detention data with the courts in a search-warrant application, then law enforcement would also be precluded from disclosing criminal investigative data to the courts. See Minn. Stat. § 13.82, subd. 7 (“[I]nvestigative data collected or created by a law enforcement agency in order to prepare a case against a person, whether known or unknown, for the commission of a crime ... for which the agency is the primary investigative responsibility are confidential or protected nonpublic while the investigation is active.”). If that were the case, then law enforcement would be severely hampered in obtaining search warrants and investigating crimes."

The district court's judgement was, therefore, affirmed. But I  do not understand why the defense did not raise a constitutional challenge to the search.  It is well established that a jail can conduct intrusive searches to prevent contraband from being introduced into their facility.  But what is the justification for taking a person's urine without probable cause? I don't get it.

Moral Of The Story:  Urine is now data.

If you or a loved one have been arrested for a Minnesota DWI, or are facing a DWI forfeiture of your motor vehicle, feel free to contact Minnesota DWI Lawyer, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI questions.





Monday, December 23, 2019

Minnesota DWI Attorney F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Redday (Decided December 23, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that if a prosecutor is not careful, he can turn a Felony DWI into a misdemeanor.

In Redday, the Defendant was arrested for felony DWI and was charged with four counts of DWI in the First Degree.  Ms. Redday had a South Dakota felony DWI conviction from 1997 and she also had prior dwi convictions from 2013, 2011, 2008 and 2008.

Ms. Redday was charged in Counts I and II of the current complaint with a felony for being arrested for DWI with three priors within the past ten years.  She was also charged with felony DWI in Counts II and IV of the complaint because of her prior felony South Dakota DWI. (In Minnesota, once you have a felony DWI any further DWI will also be a felony, no matter how old the prior offense).

The Defendant stipulated to her prior offenses to keep them from the jury.  The prosecutor then decided to dismiss Counts I & III and proceeded to trial only on Counts II & IV.

The Defendant was convicted and prior to sentencing, the state notified the district court and Redday that the presentence investigator had questioned whether “Redday’s prior South Dakota felony conviction qualifies as a prior felony conviction.”

The Defendant was sentenced for Felony DWI and on appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed, noting:

"The complaint in this case alleged that counts one and three were felonies because Redday “committed the violation within ten years of the first of three or more qualified prior impaired driving incidents.” The complaint alleged that counts two and four were felonies because Redday “was previously convicted of felony-level Driving While Under the Influence on or about October 29, 1997 in Roberts County, South Dakota.” However, the state points out that all four counts of the complaint reference Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(1), as the charging statute, which provides for felony enhancement based on the existence of three or more qualified prior impaired driving incidents. The state asserts that those references determine the offenses of conviction. Specifically, the state argues that “nowhere in the charging instrument was [Redday] charged with a violation of [Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2)].” For the reasons that follow, we disagree."

"The purpose of a complaint is to “apprise the defendant of the charge for which [she] is being held and tried.” State v. Clark, 134 N.W.2d 857, 866-67 (Minn. 1965). “For each count, the indictment or complaint must cite the statute, rule, regulation, or other provision of law the defendant allegedly violated.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 17.02, subd. 3. Thus, in determining what charges the state has brought against a defendant, courts should rely upon the language of a complaint rather than the actual statutory citations contained in it. See State v. DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d 837, 847 (Minn. 1999) (discussing indictment)."

"The description of the offenses charged in counts one and three of the complaint indicate that those charges were based on Redday’ s 2008,2011, and 2013 out-of-state DWI convictions. Counts one and three therefore set forth charges under Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(1), the felony-enhancement provision based on three or more qualified prior impaired driving incidents within ten years. But the district court granted the state’s motion to dismiss counts one and three before trial, leaving counts two and four of the complaint for trial. The description of the offenses charged in counts two and four of the complaint indicate that those charges were based on Redday’s 1997 felony-level South Dakota DWI conviction. Counts two and four therefore set forth charges under Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2), the felony-enhancement provision based on a prior felony DWI conviction. Indeed, the state admits that “[a]s demonstrated by the charging language under Counts II and IV, [it] had intended to cite to [Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2)].” Consistent with that admission, the district court stated that the two counts remaining for trial were “felony counts because of a prior felony conviction.”
***
"Redday does not argue that the evidence was insufficient to prove the elements of Minn. Stat. § 169A.20, the underlying DWI statute. Instead, Redday argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that she had previously been convicted of a felony DWI, as required under Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2). Redday stipulated that she had a “conviction on October 29, 1997 for felony DWI” and to the district court’s receipt of a certified copy of her 1997 South Dakota conviction. But Redday asserts that her 1997 South Dakota conviction does not satisfy the requirement of Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2), because she “was convicted of [a] felony driving under the influence offense under a South Dakota statute, and not under section 169A.24.” See Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2) (referring to a previous felony conviction “under this section” (emphasis added)). Redday also asserts that the conduct underlying her 1997 South Dakota DWI conviction would not constitute a felony DWI under Minn. Stat. § 169A.24, subd. 1(2). The state does not challenge either of Redday’s assertions. Based on our review of the relevant statutes, we agree that Redday’s 1997 South Dakota conviction is not a felony DWI “under [Minn. Stat. § 169A.24].” See id."

Moral Of The Story: To use a prior felony to enhance a DWI, the felony must be a prior MINNESOTA felony as set forth in Minnesota Statute §169A.24.



If you or a loved one have been arrested for a Minnesota DWI, or are facing a DWI forfeiture of your motor vehicle, feel free to contact Minnesota DWI Attorney, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI questions.



Monday, December 16, 2019

Minneapolis DWI Attorney F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is Schreyer v. Commissioner of Public Safety (Decided December 16, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that the Appellate Court does not know what constitutes a "seizure".

In Schreyer, the Petitioner became stuck in the snow while behind the wheel of a van.  A New Ulm police officer had been helping other stranded cars deal with approximately one foot of snow when he came upon the Petitioner's vehicle.

Two people were standing just ahead of the van and the Petitioner was sitting in the van’s driver’s seat. The van was still running. The people ahead of the van appeared to be trying to attach a tow rope to the van from a truck parked in front of it. Concerned that the van was a hazard to oncoming traffic, the officer turned on his rear emergency lights and parked nearby in the street.

The officer walked up to see if the people needed any help. He went to the driver’s side door of the van and tapped on the window, trying to get Schreyer’s attention. But Schreyer avoided all eye contact, staring ahead with both hands firmly on the steering wheel. The officer then went to the front of the van and tried tapping the windshield. And Schreyer turned his head away, seemingly trying to avoid eye contact with the officer. Noting this, the officer became concerned for the driver’s welfare and tapped on the driver’s window again. Schreyer did not respond.

The officer walked up to see if the people needed any help. He went to the driver’s side door of the van and tapped on the window, trying to get Schreyer’s attention. But Schreyer avoided all eye contact, staring ahead with both hands firmly on the steering wheel. The officer then went to the front of the van and tried tapping the windshield. And Schreyer turned his head away, seemingly trying to avoid eye contact with the officer. Noting this, the officer became concerned for the driver’s welfare and tapped on the driver’s window again. Schreyer did not respond.

The Petitioner's driver's license was subsequently revoked and he filed a challenge to the revocation arguing that the was unlawfully seized when the officer opened the door of his van.  The district court upheld the license revocation and on appeal the Minnesota Court of Appeals agreed holding that: (1) no seizure occurred and, even if it did, (2) the seizure was lawful.

The Court of Appeals conclusion that no seizure occurred does not make any sense.  The Court correctly states:

"A person is seized when a reasonable person in their position would not feel free to leave or an officer restrains their liberty by physical force or show of authority. In re Welfare ofE.D.J., 502 N.W.2d 779, 781 (Minn. 1993). And seizures are assessed in light of the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 1877(1980)."

"Generally, when a police officer stops a vehicle, it is a seizure. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809-10, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1772 (1996). But Minnesota courts have held that it does not, without more, constitute a seizure for an officer simply to walk up and talk to a driver sitting in an already stopped car. State v. Vohnoutka, 292 N.W.2d 756, 757 (Minn. 1980). This is particularly true when an officer approaches a parked car to see if the occupants need help. See State v. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d 687, 690, 693 (Minn. App. 2012) (concluding that it was not a seizure but a welfare check for an officer to approach a car stopped on the interstate with a passenger vomiting out the side). In fact, “an officer has not only the right but a duty to make a reasonable investigation of vehicles parked along roadways to offer such assistance as might be needed and to inquire into the physical condition of persons in vehicles.” Kozak v. Comm ’r of Pub. Safety, 359 N.W.2d 625, 628 (Minn App. 1984)."

But when the officer opened the door of his vehicle a seizure occurred.  Not only would a person not feel free to leave once the door has been opened, but the open door prevents a person from lawfully driving away.  

The court correctly concludes that "even if a seizure occurred, it was justified".  But to claim there was no seizure in the first place is just plain wrong.

Moral Of The Story:  If the police are gentlemen and open your car door for you, you are now free to leave.

If you or a loved one have been charged with a Minnesota DWI, feel free to contact Minneapolis DWI Attorney, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI and DUI questions.









Monday, December 9, 2019

Minneapolis DWI Lawyer F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Quiroz (Decided December 9, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that if you are going to present a SODDI (Some Other Dude Did It) defense, you have to disclose more than a name.

In Quiroz, the Defendant was charged with felony DWI and he sought to use an alternative perpetrator defense.  The Defendant's attorney notified the state and the district court of his intent to use the defense and moved to introduce evidence to support his defense theory, requesting that the district court allow him to name the alleged alternative perpetrator. The only evidence appellant put forth to support his alternative-perpetrator defense was a name. At the hearing, Defendant's counsel explained that there was no additional information to disclose. The district court ruled that because the evidence was “just a name,” and there was not “any tendency to connect [the] name of some individual with the charged crime,” appellant could not name the alleged alternative perpetrator at trial.

A jury convicted the Defendant and on appeal he argued that  the district court violated his right to present a complete defense by preventing him from naming the person driving the car.

The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, noting"

"A criminal defendant is guaranteed a constitutional right to present a meaningful defense. State v. Ferguson, 804 N.W.2d 586, 590-91 (Minn. 2011)."
***
"Included within the right to present a complete defense is the right to present evidence showing that an alternative perpetrator committed the crime with which the defendant is charged. Id. State v. Nissalke, 801 N.W.2d 82, 99 (Minn. 2011). 'Determining whether alternative perpetrator evidence was improperly excluded at trial involves a two-step analysis.' State v. Atkinson, 774 N.W.2d 584, 590 (Minn. 2009). 'First, we must determine whether the defendant laid a proper foundation for admission of such evidence by offering evidence that has an inherent tendency to connect the alternative perpetrator to the commission of the charged crime.' Id. If the defendant fails to lay a proper foundation, the alternative perpetrator defense will not be permitted; but if the defendant lays a proper foundation, he may then introduce evidence of a motive of the third person to commit the crime, threats by the third person, or other miscellaneous facts tending to prove the third party committed the crime. Id."

"When appellant notified the state and the district court of his intent to rely on the alternative-perpetrator defense at trial, the only evidence he offered to support his theory was that “[someone else] committed the crime with which [appellant] is charged.” He offered no further evidence to support his theory, and the district court therefore properly rejected his motion because he had given “no information,” and the name alone provided “no connection” between the crime and the alleged perpetrator. And the district court’s ruling did not bar appellant from putting forth a meaningful defense. At trial, appellant testified at length regarding the series of events that led to his arrest and his testimony suggested that someone else had been driving the car."

Moral Of The Story:  The next time you have someone else drive your car, take their picture.



If you or a loved one have been charged with a Minnesota DWI, feel free to contact Minneapolis DWI Lawyer, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI and DUI questions.


Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Minnesota DWI Lawyer F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is Martini v. Commissioner of Public Safety (Decided December 2, 2019 Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that that not every misstatement by the police constitutes a due process violation.  

Mr. Martini was a resident of Oregon when he was stopped by a state trooper in Stearns County, Minnesota.  He was subsequently arrested for DWI and after testing over the legal limit, the trooper issued Mr. Martini a "Notice and Order of Revocation".  The Notice stated his privilege to drive in Minnesota would be revoked in seven days. The trooper, however, mistakenly informed the Defendant that the revocation was immediate.

Martini petitioned for judicial review, asking the district court to rescind the revocation. He argued that his due-process rights were violated because Trooper Carlson had incorrectly told him that his license revocation was effective immediately rather than after seven days and that he suffered prejudice because of the error. The district court sustained the revocation and on appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court, stating:

"We emphasize that the practical effective date of the revocation of Martini’s driving privileges was not immediate but rather seven days after the trooper issued the written notice, as the written notice provided. The district court found that Martini’s practical revocation did not commence until that date. Martini does not contest the finding. And as his counsel implicitly acknowledged at oral argument, the Minnesota revocation also had no immediate effect in Oregon. See Or. Rev. Stat. § 809.400(2) (2017) (“The department may suspend or revoke the driving privileges of any resident of this state upon receiving notice from another state . . . that the person’s driving privileges in that jurisdiction have been suspended or revoked.”). The trooper’s incorrect oral statement about the revocation’s practical onset therefore had no effect on Martini’s actual driving privileges anywhere."

"Even if we were to recognize, as Martini urges, that prejudicial reliance on an officer’s misstatement could constitute a due-process violation outside the McDonnell setting, Martini has not established that his reliance was reasonable. Martini’s theory would require us to accept that an officer’s oral misstatement of the revocation’s practical onset constitutes a due-process violation even when the officer simultaneously provides the driver clear, accurate, written notice. Martini offers no caselaw or logical explanation supporting the theory, and we do not assume any exists. Aware of the irreconcilable inconsistency between the oral statement and the written statement about the revocation’s practical onset, Martini was on notice that one of the statements was certainly wrong. He could have resolved the discrepancy by referring to the relevant statutes and rule."

Moral Of The Story: Don't take legal advice from a cop.


If you or a loved one have been arrested for a Minnesota DWI, or are facing a DWI forfeiture of your motor vehicle, feel free to contact Minnesota DWI Lawyer, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI questions.



Monday, November 25, 2019

Minnesota DWI Attorney F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Patton (Decided November 25, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that a hit and run and a DWI do not necessarily arise from the same behavioral incident.

In Patton, a 911 caller reported his vehicle had been struck by a Ford truck in Isanti County.  An officer in Anoka County subsequently located and stopped the truck.  The Defendant was driving the Ford and was subsequently arrested for DWI.

The Defendant pled guilty to Hit and Run in Isanti County and subsequently moved to dismiss the Anoka County DWI, asserting that pursuant to Minnesota Statute  609.035, subd. 1, if the person engages in conduct that “constitutes more than one offense . . . , the person may be punished for only one of the offenses and a conviction ... of any one ... is a bar to prosecution for any other of them.”

The district court denied the motion, finding the DWI and hit-and-run offenses did not occur in substantially the same place because they occurred approximately 6.5 miles apart and in different counties. The district court found that the hit-and-run offense was reported at 7:50 p.m. and Patton was arrested for DWI at 8:20 p.m. But the court found no evidence as to precisely when the first offense occurred.

On Appeal, the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed the district court, stating:

"The determination whether multiple offenses arose from the same behavioral incident necessarily depends on the particular facts and circumstances of the case."
***
"In Johnson, our supreme court established the test that guides our analysis. After pleading guilty to driving over the center line, Johnson moved to dismiss a related DWI charge on the ground that its prosecution was barred by Minn. Stat. § 609.035 because it arose from the same behavioral incident. 141 N.W.2d at 520. The Johnson court recognized that when intent is not a factor, two or more offenses result from a single behavioral incident when they “occur at substantially the same time and place and arise out of a continuous and uninterrupted course of conduct, manifesting an indivisible state of mind or coincidental errors of judgment.” Id. at 525; see State v. Bauer, 792 N.W.2d 825, 828 (Minn. 2011) (quoting Johnson)} Because Johnson committed the two offenses “within a period of a few minutes and a distance of two blocks,” and his conduct “manifest[ed] an indivisible state of mind,” the supreme court concluded that they flowed from the same behavioral incident. 141 N.W.2d at 525".

"Because Patton was charged with both unintentional and general-intent crimes,  we focus on the three-prong Johnson test."
***
"The circumstances of Patton’s offenses do not demonstrate the proximity of time and place that was present in Johnson, Corning, and other cases Patton cites."
***
"The actual time between Patton’s two offenses likely exceeds 30 minutes as that time frame does not include the period during which the other driver pursued Patton before calling the police. Either way, we are not persuaded that the offenses occurred at substantially the same time. The undisputed 30- minute interval between Patton’s offenses is markedly longer than those found in other cases. In Corning, the second offense occurred very close in time to the first offense— while police were obtaining initial information at the accident scene. 184 N.W.2d at 605. In Gladden, the offenses occurred “within a few minutes.” 144 N.W.2d at 780. And the same in Johnson. 141 N.W.2d at 525."
***
"In sum, the time and place prongs of the Johnson test do not support a determination that Patton’s crimes arose from the same behavioral incident. Because the three prongs of the Johnson test—time, place, course of conduct—are joined by the conjunctive “and,” all three must be satisfied to conclude that Patton’s offenses arose from the same behavioral incident."

I do not think this case makes a lot of sense.  Under its logic, if you get caught right away, you can only be convicted of one offense.  But if you manage to escape for a short period, the State can pile on the convictions.

Moral Of The Story:  If you commit more than one offense, turn yourself in.



If you or a loved one have been arrested for a Minnesota DWI, or are facing a DWI forfeiture of your motor vehicle, feel free to contact Minnesota DWI Attorney, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI questions.



Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Minneapolis DWI Attorney F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Vos (Decided November 18, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition it is not a "seizure" if you are already stopped. Okay then.

In Vos, Officer Schleichert of the Lonsdale Police Department received a report of a suspicious vehicle parked on the side of the road at a rural intersection in Rice County. When he arrived at the location, Officer Schleichert pulled behind the parked car and activated his emergency lights.

The officer found Mr. Vos in the driver's seat and Vos was unresponsive.  After having Mr. Vos submit to field sobriety tests, he was placed under arrest for DWI by the officer.

The Defendant moved to suppress all of the evidence arguing that when the officer activated his emergency lights, he was illegally seized as the officer did not have a constitutionally sufficient basis to make the seizure.  The district court agreed and threw out the case but on appeal, the Minnesota Court of Appeals reversed the lower court stating:

[A] “Seizure occurs when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.” State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90, 98 (Minn. 1999) (quotation omitted). Whether a seizure has occurred is analyzed from the objective perspective of the person alleged to have been seized. (“Under the Minnesota Constitution, a person has been seized if in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he or she was [not] free to . . . terminate the encounter.” (quotation omitted). 

(So far, so good.  But then the Court says:)

"Therefore, the question before us is whether the activation of the officer’s emergency lights transformed the interaction into a seizure."

"The Minnesota Supreme Court addressed this very question in State v. Hanson, 504 N.W.2d 219 (Minn. 1993). There the court declined to hold that a police officer’s use of their emergency lights when parked behind an already stopped car is per se a seizure, and instead adopted a fact-specific approach. Id. at 220. The supreme court noted that “[i]t may be that in many fact situations the officer’s use of the flashing lights likely would signal to a reasonable person that the officer is attempting to seize the person for investigative purposes,” but declined to find so where “[i]t was dark out and the cars were on the shoulder of the highway far from any town.” Id. Under the circumstances of the encounter in Hanson, the supreme court determined that a reasonable person would know that the emergency lights were used to alert oncoming motorists to be careful due to the officer’s presence along the shoulder of a dark road at night. Id."
***
"While Vos urges this court to determine that in these circumstances a reasonable person in Vos’s shoes would not have felt free to leave, the supreme court already made that assessment to the contrary. It is not for us to second guess the Hanson court here."

ARRGH!

The problem with the Court of Appeals decision is twofold:

(1) In Hanson, the Defendant was stopped on the side of a HIGHWAY in Scott County, where officer and public safety would be a concern.  In this case, the Defendant was stopped on a rural road in the middle of nowhere. If there is no traffic to protect, what is a defendant supposed to think when the lights come on behind their vehicle?

(2) The standard to reverse the district court's factual findings is  "clearly erroneous".  And it does not appear that this district court was clearly erroneous in determining the Defendant felt "seized" at the time the emergency lights were activated. Or, as stated by the Supreme Court in Hanson, "It may be that in many fact situations the officer's use of the flashing lights likely would signal to a reasonable person that the officer is attempting to seize the person for investigative purposes. In this case, however, under all the facts, the officer's conduct would not have communicated to a reasonable person in these physical circumstances that the officer was attempting to seize the person. State v. Hanson, 504 N.W.2d 219, 220 (Minn. 1993).

Moral Of The Story:  Only in the Court of Appeals would a person feel free to leave when the police hit their emergency or "take-down" lights.



If you or a loved one have been charged with a Minnesota DWI, feel free to contact Minneapolis DWI Attorney, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI and DUI questions.





  

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Minneapolis DWI Lawyer F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. McEachem (Decided November 12, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that if you have eight prior DWI's, you are not likely to catch a break from the courts.

In McEachem, the Defendant was arrested for First Degree (felony) DWI while still on probation for a previous felony DWI.  McEachem subsequently pled guilty to the First Degree charge and moved the district court for a downward dispositional sentencing departure claiming he was amenable to probation.

At the sentencing hearing, McEachem argued that, since his arrest nearly two years earlier, he had successfully completed treatment, maintained sobriety, obtained employment, and secured his own housing. The Defendant expressed remorse for his crime and reminded the court that he cooperated with the court throughout the case.  The district court declined to depart from the sentencing guidelines. It imposed a guidelines sentence of 62 months in prison.

On appeal, McEachem argued the district court abused its discretion by denying his motion for a downward dispositional departure.  But the Minnesota Court of Appeals disagreed, noting:

"Appellate courts “afford the [district] court great discretion in the imposition of sentences and reverse sentencing decisions only for an abuse of that discretion.” State v. Soto, 855 N.W.2d 303, 307-08 (Minn. 2014) (quotation omitted). A district court may depart from the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines only in the presence of substantial and compelling circumstances. Id. at 308. To maintain proportionality and uniformity in sentencing, departing from the sentencing guidelines is discouraged. State v. Rund, 896 N.W.2d 527, 532 (Minn. 2017)."
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"When determining whether to grant a downward dispositional departure and place a defendant on probation, a district court’s primary focus should be on “the defendant as an individual and on whether the presumptive sentence would be best for him and for society.” State v. Heywood, 338 N.W.2d 243, 244 (Minn. 1983). There are a number of relevant factors for courts to consider in determining whether a defendant is particularly amenable to probation. State v. Trog, 323 N.W.2d 28, 31 (Minn. 1982). Such factors include “the defendant’s age, his prior record, his remorse, his cooperation, his attitude while in court, and the support of friends and/or family.” 

"Appellant argues that he is amenable to probation and that the Trog factors weigh substantially in his favor. Appellant cites his successful completion of treatment, his acceptance of responsibility, remorse, cooperation, positive attitude in court, and support of his friends and family as reasons the court should depart from the guidelines and place him on probation and not in prison."
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"While it need not have provided any further explanation for imposing a guidelines sentence, the district court noted appellant’s history of “using, relapsing and then driving.” The district court’s thoughtful and deliberate consideration of appellant’s departure request is reflected on the record. The district court accepted appellant’s arguments as having some merit, but also recognized that this was appellant’s “fourth felony DWI,” his eighth DWI in total, and that appellant’s “risk to public safety in [the] matter is just too significant for the court to grant [appellant’s] request for a downward dispositional departure."

"We see no error in the district court’s conclusion that substantial and compelling reasons to depart do not exist, and that public safety would best be served by a guidelines sentence. The district court acted within its sentencing discretion."

Moral Of The Story:  Fool me once...

If you or a loved one have been charged with a Minnesota DWI, feel free to contact Minneapolis DWI Lawyer, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI and DUI questions.


Monday, November 4, 2019

Minnesota DWI Lawyer F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Carstensen (Decided November 4, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that everyone is presumed to know the law unless you happen to be a police officer plying your trade on the streets of Minnesota.

In Carstensen, the Defendant was driving a vehicle with Iowa plates on July 2, 2018. The expiration date on the Iowa plates was June 2018.  A Beltrami County sheriff's deputy observed the vehicle and made a traffic stop, eventually arresting Mr. Carstensen for DWI.

The Defendant filed a motion to suppress arguing the initial stop was illegal because Iowa’s registration-expiration statute provides, “[a] person shall not be considered to be driving a motor vehicle with an expired registration for a period of one month following the expiration date of the vehicle registration.”  And the Minnesota reciprocity statute provides that "a vehicle properly registered in Iowa will be treated as properly registered in Minnesota even if the Iowa requirements are different. See Minn. Stat. § 645.26, subd. 1 (2018)".  The Defendant's motion to suppress was denied.

In State v. George, the Minnesota Supreme Court held "...that an officer’s mistaken belief as to Minnesota law cannot support an objective basis for an investigatory stop." So one would think that the Court of Appeals would have reversed the district court.  But no...

The Minnesota Court of Appeals instead affirmed the conviction, stating:

"We conclude that this case is distinguishable from George and Anderson. In George and Anderson, the circumstances that the officers observed could not have constituted violations of Minnesota law and were premised on the officers’ mistaken belief as to the meaning of a Minnesota statute. Here, Deputy Birt’s discovery of the registration with a June 2018 expiration could have been a violation of the general Minnesota statute. Only by way of the reciprocity statute was Carstensen’s registration valid. While the record is admittedly sparse, nothing indicates that Deputy Birt was mistaken as to the meaning of a Minnesota statute in this case."..."Because Deputy Birt was unaware that the Iowa vehicle registration was not expired for one month beyond the Minnesota requirements, it was not unreasonable for him to stop Carstensen’s vehicle for violating Minnesota Law".

Moral Of The Story: Ignorance is bliss!

If you or a loved one have been arrested for a Minnesota DWI, or are facing a DWI forfeiture of your motor vehicle, feel free to contact Minnesota DWI Lawyer, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI questions.









Monday, October 28, 2019

Minnesota DWI Attorney F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is State v. Johnson (Decided October 28, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which stands for the proposition that police officers are very suspicious people.

In Johnson, the Defendant was stopped because his pickup had a non-functioning tail-light.  The deputy’s body camera recorded the events following the traffic stop. The deputy observed the Defendant exhibiting erratic behaviors and acting nervous. Specifically, the Defendant was making “weird movements” inside of his truck and looking away. The deputy characterized these nervous behaviors to be beyond those expected to occur during a routine traffic stop.

From a distance of less than five feet, the deputy saw that Defendant's pupils were abnormally constricted. The deputy directed his flashlight into the truck, but moved the light away from Defendant's face and confirmed Defendant's pupils were still constricted when the light was absent, suggesting to the deputy that Defendant was under the influence of a controlled substance.

After having the Defendant perform some field sobriety tests, the deputy placed Defendant under arrest and obtained a search warrant to obtain a sample of the Defendant's blood or urine.  The Defendant refused to submit to testing and was charged with DWI Refusal.

The Defendant subsequently moved to dismiss the charge and suppress all of the evidence obtained after the initial stop. The Defendant argued that the officer illegally expanded the traffic stop into an investigation of DWI without sufficient cause to do so.

The District Court denied the Defendant's motions and on appeal, the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed, noting:

"...an officer may expand a traffic stop if the incremental intrusion is tied to and justified by “(1) the original legitimate purpose of the stop, (2) independent probable cause, or (3) reasonableness, as defined in Terry. State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353, 365 (Minn. 2004). Reasonable, articulable suspicion requires that the officer identify “specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880 (1968). The reasonable, articulable suspicion standard is satisfied when an officer observes conduct that leads him to reasonably conclude, based on his experience, that “criminal activity may be afoot.” 
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"The deputy observed that appellant exhibited signs of being under the influence of a controlled substance. Specifically, appellant exhibited erratic behaviors, acted very nervous, moved around his vehicle, did not make eye contact, and had abnormally constricted pupils. While nervousness alone is not sufficient to support the expansion of a stop, nervousness coupled with other “particularized and objective facts” may provide reasonable articulable suspicion. State v. Syhavong, 661 N.W.2d 278, 282 (Minn. App. 2003). Moreover, signs of being under the influence of a controlled substance are considered and may provide a police officer with specific and articulable facts to support an expansion of the stop. See State v. Hegstrom, 543 N.W.2d 698, 702 (Minn. App. 1996) (considering “the observed symptoms of some type of intoxication, particularly the severely constricted pupils” as a factor in establishing probable cause to believe driver was under the influence of a controlled substance). Appellant’s nervousness coupled with his constricted pupils, a recognized sign of intoxication, formed a reasonable basis for the deputy to believe appellant was under the influence of a controlled substance, and justified his expansion of the scope of the traffic stop."

Moral Of The Story:  When you get stopped by someone with a gun, try to stay calm.

If you or a loved one have been arrested for a Minnesota DWI, or are facing a DWI forfeiture of your motor vehicle, feel free to contact Minnesota DWI Attorney, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI questions.


Monday, October 21, 2019

Minneapolis DWI Attorney F. T. Sessoms Blogs on Minnesota DWI: This Week's Featured Minnesota DWI Case

The Minnesota DWI Case Of The Week is Olson v. Commissioner of Public Safety (Decided October 21, 2019, Minnesota Court of Appeals, Unpublished) which, once again, stands for the proposition that if the Data Master Breath Testing machine prints a breath test result at or above the legal limit, the uncertainty of measurement inherent in said machine is not "relevant".

In Olson, the Petitioner was arrested for a Minnesota DWI and he tested at .16% BAC on the Data Master Breath testing machine.  Mr. Olson filed a challenge to the revocation of his license and notified the Commissioner of Public Safety that he intended to offer the testimony of a “breath testing expert” from the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, who would “testify regarding the foundational reliability of the breath test result” and “the uncertainty of measurement values that apply to these breath test results.” The next day, the commissioner filed a motion in limine to exclude Olson’s evidence concerning uncertainty of measurement on the ground that the evidence is irrelevant.

The district court subsequently filed an order in which it granted the commissioner’s motion in limine and sustained the revocation of Olson’s driver’s license. The district court focused on the admissibility of Olson’s evidence concerning uncertainty of measurement. The district court stated that the terms “margin of error” and “uncertainty of measurement” describe the same concept and noted, “While a petitioner may challenge the actual administration of a breath test, a petitioner may not challenge the general reliability of the breath test, whether via margin of error, uncertainty of measurement, or another similar statistical method.”

On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court noting:

"Evidence consisting of “the results of a breath test” is, as a matter of law, “admissible in evidence without antecedent expert testimony that an infrared or other approved breath-testing instrument provides a trustworthy and reliable measure of the alcohol in the breath,” so long as the breath test was “performed by a person who has been fully trained in the use of an infrared or other approved breath-testing instrument . . . pursuant to training given or approved by the commissioner of public safety or the commissioner’s acting agent.” Minn. Stat. § 634.16 (2018); see also In re Source Code, 816 N.W.2d at 528 n.3; State v. Norgaard, 899 N.W.2d 205, 207-08 (Minn App. 2017); State v. Ards, 816 N.W.2d 679, 685 (Minn. App. 2012). “But section 634.16’s presumption of reliability may be challenged in a proceeding under section 169A.53, subdivision 3(b)(10), which specifically permits a driver to challenge the reliability and accuracy of his or her test results.” In re Commissioner of Pub. Safety, 735 N.W.2d 706, 711 (Minn. 2007); see also State v. Underdahl, 767 N.W.2d 677, 685 n.4 (Minn. 2009)."
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Olson "sought to prove that the breath-test results were not accurately evaluated on the ground that the DataMaster instrument’s measurements of the alcohol content of his breath samples was subject to a degree of uncertainty. Olson contends that his proffered evidence was relevant because it would have shed light on the 'actual true range' of the alcohol concentration of his breath samples."

The Court of Appeals rejected the proffered evidence as not "relevant" as there are a long line of cases which state that  “Minn. Stat. § 169.123 (1982), does not require the Commissioner of Public Safety to prove an alcohol concentration of. 10 within an alleged margin for potential error.” Grund, 359 N.W.2d at 653. A later opinion explained the rationale for that statement:
Under Minn. Stat. § 169.123, subd. 4 (1982), the Commissioner must revoke a person’s license when “the test results indicate an alcohol concentration of. 10 or more.” The statute clearly requires a concentration of. 10—not. 10 plus or minus an error factor. And, Minn. Stat. § 169.123, subd. 6(3) (1982), expressly limits the issue to be raised at a hearing to whether “the test results indicate an alcohol concentration of .10 or more at the time of testing,” not whether or not the reading was . 10, coupled with some margin of error."
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"In light of the above-described caselaw, as well as the fact that both of the Datamaster’s two measurements exceed the legal threshold, the district court did not abuse its discretion by reasoning that Olson’s proffered evidence was not relevant to the issue to be decided at the implied-consent hearing."

Moral Of The Story:  When it comes to breath testing, close enough is good enough.



If you or a loved one have been charged with a Minnesota DWI, feel free to contact Minneapolis DWI Attorney, F. T. Sessoms at (612) 344-1505 for answers to all of your Minnesota DWI and DUI questions.